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In today's world, List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves is a topic that has become increasingly relevant. Both in academic settings and in everyday life, List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves has become a topic of interest to a wide variety of people. From its impact on society to its implications on culture and the economy, List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves has sparked constant debate and generated a large amount of research and analysis. In this article, we will explore the different facets of List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves and its impact on various aspects of life today. We will analyze from its origins to its influence today, with the aim of providing a complete and detailed overview of this topic that is so relevant today.
Foreign exchange reserves, also called Forex reserves, are, in a strict sense, only foreign-currency deposits held by nationals and monetary authorities. However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and IMF reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.
These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g. the U.S. Dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Indian Rupee, the Pound Sterling, and the Chinese Yuan) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g. the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the Central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency.
Countries | Forex Reserves Including Gold (data in millions US$) |
Date | Change / / | Forex Reserves Excluding Gold (data in millions US$) |
Date | Change / / | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | 3,225,817 | 1 Apr 2024 | 28,957 | 3,113,850 | 1 Apr 2024 | 4,15 | |
Japan | 1,290,606 | 5 Apr 2024 | 9,122 | 1,230,377 | 5 Apr 2024 | 4,598 | |
Switzerland | 868,632 | 28 Mar 2024 | 1,127 | 800,164 | 28 Mar 2024 | 198 | |
India | 640,334 | 19 Apr 2024 | 2,828 | 583,526 | 19 Apr 2024 | 3,838 | |
Russia | 600,700 | 12 Apr 2024 | 2,400 | 438,653 | 12 Apr 2024 | 541 | |
Taiwan | 568,107 | 3 Apr 2024 | 132 | 563,720 | 3 Apr 2024 | 17 | |
Saudi Arabia | 455,205 | 7 Apr 2024 | 23,642 | 454,772 | 7 Apr 2024 | 23,973 | |
Hong Kong | 425,153 | 1 Apr 2024 | 2,126 | 425,126 | 1 Apr 2024 | 137 | |
South Korea | 419,360 | 3 Apr 2024 | 3,580 | 419,360 | 3 Apr 2024 | ||
Mexico | 364,192 | 20 Mar 2024 | 3425 | 291,108 | 20 Mar 2024 | 439 | |
Singapore | 357,345 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4,465 | 347,083 | 1 Mar 2024 | 356 | |
Brazil | 352,705 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,361 | 344,173 | 1 Mar 2024 | 361 | |
Germany | 339,800 | 31 Mar 2024 | 19,247 | 100,135 | 31 Mar 2024 | 734 | |
United States | 242,681 | 15 Mar 2024 | 1,422 | 231,640 | 15 Mar 2024 | 41 | |
France | 240,677 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,400 | 120,745 | 1 Mar 2024 | 33 | |
Thailand | 223,769 | 15 Mar 2024 | 1,391 | 218,308 | 15 Mar 2024 | 26 | |
Israel | 206,828 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8,659 | 206,828 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Poland | 187,996 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,248 | 154,553 | 1 Mar 2024 | 23,502 | |
United Kingdom | 183,952 | 5 Mar 2024 | 26,610 | 163,520 | 5 Mar 2024 | 43 | |
United Arab Emirates | 151,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,540 | 146,400 | 1 Mar 2024 | 34 | |
Czech Republic | 144,996 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,007 | 144,996 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Indonesia | 149,915 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,515 | 149,915 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Turkey | 128,490 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,391 | 79,060 | 1 Mar 2024 | 129 | |
Netherlands | 125,451 | 1 Mar 2024 | 212 | 125,451 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Canada | 116,251 | 1 Mar 2024 | 45 | 116,251 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Philippines | 104,033 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,039 | 93,502 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,845 | |
Malaysia | 102,241 | 1 Mar 2024 | 10,659 | 99,652 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Iraq | 100,000 | 25 Mar 2024 | 15,000 | 100,000 | 25 Mar 2024 | ||
Spain | 94,341 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5,485 | 94,341 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Vietnam | 93,342 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,241 | 93,342 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Belgium | 82,000 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14,200 | 67,200 | 1 Mar 2024 | 79 | |
Denmark | 80,058 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,261 | 75,660 | 1 Mar 2024 | 126 | |
Romania | 77,364 | 31 Mar 2024 | 7,498 | 69,866 | 31 Mar 2024 | 7,809 | |
Peru | 73,483 | 1 Mar 2024 | 201 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Norway | 71,901 | 1 Mar 2024 | 330 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Libya | 70,524 | 1 Mar 2024 | 238 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Italy | 69,810 | 1 Mar 2024 | 137 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Algeria | 68,028 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,880 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Qatar | 64,560 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8,931 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Sweden | 59,568 | 23 Mar 2024 | 842 | 51,602 | 23 Mar 2024 | 147 | |
Colombia | 57,269 | 8 Mar 2024 | 124 | data not available | 8 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Australia | 53,883 | 7 Mar 2024 | 604 | 45,816 | 7 Mar 2024 | 48 | |
Portugal | 53,710 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7,800 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
South Africa | 53,473 | 7 Mar 2024 | 504 | 45,293 | 7 Mar 2024 | 49 | |
Kuwait | 46,420 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,112 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Chile | 42,527 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,373 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Ukraine | 40,507 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,212 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Hungary | 41,344 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4,749 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Bulgaria | 35,395 | 1 Mar 2024 | 692 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Egypt | 35,310 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3,161 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Nigeria | 34,980 | 1 Mar 2024 | 465 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Austria | 34,856 | 1 Mar 2024 | 954 | 34,671 | 1 Mar 2024 | 187 | |
Kazakhstan | 34,500 | 1 Mar 2024 | 938 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Uzbekistan | 32,195 | 1 Mar 2024 | 950 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Morocco | 32,037 | 1 Mar 2024 | 213 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
New Zealand | 31,712 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,916 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Croatia | 28,680 | 1 Mar 2024 | 159 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Bangladesh | 25,231 | 1 Apr 2024 | 867 | data not available | 1 Apr 2024 | data not available | |
Serbia | 24,468 | 1 Mar 2024 | 667 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Iran | 24,300 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,641 | 23,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | ||
Macau | 24,283 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,566 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Guatemala | 21,390 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1300 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Argentina | 20,846 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2,090 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Turkmenistan | 20,600 | 1 Mar 2024 | 45 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Cambodia | 18,496 | 1 Mar 2024 | 67 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Jordan | 18,765 | 1 Mar 2024 | 187 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Nepal | 18,400 | 11 Mar 2024 | 1,857 | data not available | 11 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Oman | 16,163 | 1 Mar 2024 | 548 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Uruguay | 15,449 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1.176 | 15,441 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 | |
Lebanon | 14,738 | 1 Mar 2024 | 692 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Dominican Republic | 14,371 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,145 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Angola | 14,200 | 15 Mar 2024 | 40 | data not available | 15 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Costa Rica | 13,200 | 1 Mar 2024 | 320 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Ireland | 12,599 | 1 Mar 2024 | 130 | 11,874 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | |
Azerbaijan | 11,650 | 1 Mar 2024 | 142 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Ivory Coast | 9,800 | 1 Mar 2024 | 18 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Paraguay | 9,707 | 1 Mar 2024 | 805 | 9,168 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8,711 | 1 Mar 2024 | 391 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Tunisia | 8,623 | 21 Mar 2024 | 539 | data not available | 21 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
North Korea | 8,072 | 1 Mar 2024 | 73 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Pakistan | 8,040 | 29 Mar 2024 | 19 | 8,021 | 22 Mar 2024 | 5 | |
Finland | 7,995 | 1 Mar 2024 | 22 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Slovakia | 7,650 | 1 Mar 2024 | 441 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Honduras | 7,390 | 21 Mar 2024 | 580 | data not available | 21 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Tanzania | 7,022 | 22 Mar 2024 | 600 | data not available | 22 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Iceland | 6,847 | 15 Mar 2024 | 24 | 6,668 | 15 Mar 2024 | 9 | |
Myanmar | 6,700 | 1 Mar 2024 | 800 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Moldova | 6,390 | 11 Mar 2024 | 600 | data not available | 11 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Afghanistan | 6,228 | 1 Mar 2024 | 60 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Panama | 6,143 | 1 Mar 2024 | 200 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Venezuela | 5,908 | 1 Mar 2024 | 776 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Trinidad and Tobago | 5,800 | 18 Mar 2024 | 44 | data not available | 18 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Albania | 5,700 | 1 Mar 2024 | 400 | 5,467 | 1 Mar 2024 | 47 | |
Mauritius | 5,591 | 1 Mar 2024 | 196 | 5,497 | 1 Mar 2024 | 27 | |
Bahrain | 5,500 | 25 Mar 2024 | 128 | data not available | 25 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Georgia | 5,224 | 25 Mar 2024 | 90 | data not available | 25 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Mongolia | 5,120 | 20 Mar 2024 | 500 | data not available | 20 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Botswana | 5,080 | 1 Mar 2024 | 267 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Jamaica | 4,921 | 5 Mar 2024 | 300 | data not available | 5 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Lithuania | 4,900 | 1 Mar 2024 | 440 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Sri Lanka | 4,517 | 1 Mar 2024 | 99 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Vatican City | 4,339 | 1 Mar 2024 | 950 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Armenia | 4,298 | 25 Mar 2024 | 600 | data not available | 25 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Nicaragua | 3,980 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,100 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Greece | 3,926 | 1 Mar 2024 | 107 | 3,869 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8 | |
Latvia | 3,913 | 1 Mar 2024 | 13 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Uganda | 3,700 | 1 Mar 2024 | 259 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Andorra | 3,689 | 20 Mar 2024 | 11 | data not available | 20 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Brunei | 3,664 | 1 Mar 2024 | 107 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Cameroon | 3,459 | 1 Mar 2024 | 180 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Ethiopia | 3,430 | 1 Mar 2024 | 170 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Ghana | 3,368 | 1 Mar 2024 | 452 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Ecuador | 3,305 | 1 Mar 2024 | 747 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Belarus | 3,296 | 1 Mar 2024 | 146 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Kyrgyzstan | 2,976 | 1 Mar 2024 | 193 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Slovenia | 2,519 | 1 Mar 2024 | 062 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
El Salvador | 2,510 | 1 Mar 2024 | 39 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Cuba | 2,500 | 15 Mar 2024 | 10,391 | data not available | 15 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Kenya | 2,490 | 5 Mar 2024 | 1,073 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Papua New Guinea | 2,339 | 1 Mar 2024 | 500 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Haiti | 2,296 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1,256 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Estonia | 2,065 | 1 Mar 2024 | 145 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Namibia | 2,019 | 1 Mar 2024 | 25 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Bahamas | 1,758 | 1 Mar 2024 | 85 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Bolivia | 1,769 | 1 Mar 2024 | 471 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Madagascar | 1,620 | 19 Mar 2024 | 127 | data not available | 19 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Montenegro | 1,558 | 1 Mar 2024 | 26 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Mauritania | 1,493 | 1 Mar 2024 | 37 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Tajikistan | 1,482 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Rwanda | 1,458 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Zambia | 1,433 | 1 Mar 2024 | 16 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Guinea | 1,425 | 15 Mar 2024 | 33 | data not available | 15 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Gabon | 1,377 | 1 Mar 2024 | 90 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Cyprus | 1,271 | 1 Mar 2024 | 200 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Luxembourg | 1,119 | 5 Mar 2024 | 34 | data not available | 5 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Laos | 1,099 | 1 Mar 2024 | 23 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Curaçao | 1,080 | 20 Mar 2024 | 30 | data not available | 20 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Fiji | 1,065 | 5 Mar 2024 | 22 | data not available | 5 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Niger | 1,053 | 1 Mar 2024 | 24 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Aruba | 1,017 | 15 Mar 2024 | 30 | data not available | 15 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Bhutan | 972 | 10 Mar 2024 | 3 | data not available | 10 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Kosovo | 950 | 1 Mar 2024 | 15 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Malta | 937 | 20 Mar 2024 | 9 | data not available | 20 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Lesotho | 785 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Barbados | 770 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Cape Verde | 712 | 1 Mar 2024 | 25 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
San Marino | 716 | 1 Mar 2024 | 243 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Gambia | 698 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Palestine | 671 | 1 Mar 2024 | 12 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Timor-Leste | 654 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Suriname | 647 | 8 Mar 2024 | 30 | data not available | 8 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Sierra Leone | 624 | 2 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 2 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Mali | 604 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Maldives | 588 | 1 Mar 2024 | 180 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Guyana | 553 | 10 Mar 2024 | 20 | data not available | 10 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Solomon Islands | 551 | 8 Mar 2024 | 24 | data not available | 8 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Seychelles | 546 | 1 Mar 2024 | 19 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Vanuatu | 509 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 505 | 14 Mar 2024 | 160 | data not available | 14 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Djibouti | 504 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Malawi | 488 | 1 Mar 2024 | 17 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Eswatini | 467 | 1 Mar 2024 | 27 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Republic of the Congo | 443 | 1 Mar 2024 | 20 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Syria | 401 | 1 Mar 2024 | 16 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Federated States of Micronesia | 395 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Central African Republic | 375 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 365 | 1 Mar 2024 | 14 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Liberia | 342 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Guinea-Bissau | 329 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Antigua and Barbuda | 285 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Belize | 281 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Saint Lucia | 258 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Yemen | 250 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Grenada | 247 | 1 Mar 2024 | 11 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Tonga | 226 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Togo | 208 | 1 Mar 2024 | 7 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Comoros | 197 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 192 | 1 Mar 2024 | 1 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Eritrea | 189 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Samoa | 188 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 186 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Sudan | 172 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Dominica | 168 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Senegal | 164 | 1 Mar 2024 | 12 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Zimbabwe | 159 | 1 Mar 2024 | 8 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Chad | 143 | 1 Mar 2024 | 4 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Burundi | 105 | 1 Mar 2024 | 6 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
South Sudan | 80 | 2 Mar 2024 | 7 | data not available | 2 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Benin | 69 | 1 Mar 2024 | 9 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Montserrat | 54 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Equatorial Guinea | 46 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Burkina Faso | 42 | 1 Mar 2024 | 3 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Somalia | 37 | 1 Mar 2024 | 5 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available | |
Kiribati | 8 | 1 Mar 2024 | 2 | data not available | 1 Mar 2024 | data not available |
The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billion USD and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week. At present there are only six countries whose reserves are at such a figure; this includes China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia and Taiwan. Saudi Arabia formerly included on the list until March 2020; its reserves were severely depleted by the low oil price during the economic fallout of from the global outbreak of coronavirus disease, its ongoing oil price war with Russia and competition from US shale oil. Here is the combined foreign reserves timeline for China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia.
IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB). Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.