Wiki90
Wiki90: 90s Style Encyclopedia on the Web
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Template:Cite thesis
This article will address the issue of Template:Cite thesis, a relevant issue in the current context. Template:Cite thesis is a topic that has aroused the interest of many people, since it has profound implications in various areas. From a historical approach, Template:Cite thesis has been the subject of study and debate over the years, and its presence remains significant in contemporary society. This article seeks to provide a comprehensive view of Template:Cite thesis, exploring its many facets and offering an informed perspective on its importance and implications today. Through critical and reflective analysis, the aim is to generate greater understanding and awareness about Template:Cite thesis, thus contributing to the enrichment of the debate and reflection around this topic.
 | This template is used on approximately 36,000 pages and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them. |
 | This template uses Lua: |
| {{Cite arXiv}} | arXiv preprints |
|---|---|
| {{Cite AV media}} | audio and visual media |
| {{Cite AV media notes}} | AV media liner notes |
| {{Cite bioRxiv}} | bioRxiv preprints |
| {{Cite book}} | books and chapters |
| {{Cite CiteSeerX}} | CiteSeerX papers |
| {{Cite conference}} | conference papers |
| {{cite document}} | short, stand-alone, offline documents |
| {{Cite encyclopedia}} | edited collections |
| {{Cite episode}} | radio or TV episodes |
| {{Cite interview}} | interviews |
| {{Cite journal}} | academic journals |
| {{Cite magazine}} | magazines, periodicals |
| {{Cite mailing list}} | public mailing lists |
| {{Cite map}} | maps |
| {{Cite medRxiv}} | medRxiv preprints |
| {{Cite news}} | news articles |
| {{Cite newsgroup}} | online newsgroups |
| {{Cite podcast}} | podcasts |
| {{Cite press release}} | press releases |
| {{Cite report}} | reports |
| {{Cite serial}} | audio or video serials |
| {{Cite sign}} | signs, plaques |
| {{Cite speech}} | speeches |
| {{Cite SSRN}} | SSRN papers |
| {{Cite tech report}} | technical reports |
| {{Cite thesis}} | theses |
| {{Cite web}} | web sources not covered by the above |
| See also | Specific-source templates Citation Style 1 wrapper templates |
This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for theses or dissertations submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees.
Usage
Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn= have upper-case aliases like |ISBN=, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then the page.
Horizontal format:
{{cite thesis |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |degree= |chapter= |publisher= |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}
Examples
{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |degree=PhD |publisher=Duck University}}
- Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). On some aspects of Ducks (PhD thesis). Duck University.
{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |degree=MSc |publisher=Duck University}}
- Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). On some aspects of Ducks (MSc thesis). Duck University.
{{cite thesis |last=Ducklover |first=Arnold A. |date=1901 |title=On some aspects of Ducks |publisher=Duck University}}
- Ducklover, Arnold A. (1901). On some aspects of Ducks (Thesis). Duck University.
Parameters
Syntax
Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
- parent
- OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
- child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
- OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
- Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).
COinS
This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
- use
|date=27 September 2007not|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, or  , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.
|periodical=,|journal=,|newspaper=,|magazine=,|work=,|website=,|encyclopedia=,|encyclopaedia=,|dictionary=|chapter=,|script-chapter=,|contribution=,|script-contribution=,|entry=,|script-entry=,|article=,|script-article=,|section=,|script-section=|title=,|script-title=,|book-title=|publication-place=,|place=,|location=|date=,|year=,|publication-date=|series=,|version=|volume=,|issue=,|number=|page=,|pages=,|at=,|quote-page=,|quote-pages=|edition=|publisher=,|institution=|url=,|chapter-url=,|contribution-url=,|section-url=|author-last=,|author-last#=,|author#-last=,|author-surname=,|author-surname#=,|author#-surname=,|last=,|last#=,|surname=,|surname#=,|author=,|author#=,|subject=,|subject#=,|host=,|host#=|author-first=,|author-first#=,|author#-first=,|author-given=,|author-given#=,|author#-given=,|first=,|first#=,|given=,|given#=|degree=|arxiv=,|bibcode=,|biorxiv=,|citeseerx=,|doi=,|eissn=,|eprint=,|hdl=,|isbn=,|issn=,|jfm=,|jstor=,|lccn=,|message-id=,|mr=,|oclc=,|osti=,|pmc=,|pmid=,|rfc=,|ssrn=,|s2cid=,|zbl=
Deprecated
| Deprecated parameter | Replace with | Date |
|---|---|---|
|authors= |
|lastn= / |firstn=, |authorn=, |vauthors= |
November 2023 |
| Removed parameter | Replace with | Date | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
|lay-date=
|
(delete) | August 2023 | |
|lay-source=
|
(delete) | ||
|lay-url=
|
(delete) | ||
|transcripturl=
|
|transcript-url=
|
August 2023 |
Description
Authors
- last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g.
|author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.- author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of
|first=and|last=. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. - first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics only in accordance with MOS:HON.
- OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use
|first1=...|last1=...|author2=.... - author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
- OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of
- vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in
|vauthors=as described above
- authors: deprecated
Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last. - translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
- translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
- translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
- collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
- others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
- Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
Title
- title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
| newline | [ | ] | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| space | [ | ] | {{!}} (preferred)
|
| {{bracket|text}} | | or {{pipe}} – | ||
- title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
- chapter: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use chapter-url, but not both. Displays in quotes. If script-chapter is defined, use chapter to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-chapter
- script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-chapter: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the chapter field; if chapter-url is defined, then trans-chapter is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- contribution: A separately-authored part of author's book. May be wikilinked or may use contribution-url, but not both. Values of
Afterword,Foreword,Introduction, orPrefacewill display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in contributor.
- type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword
nonecan be used to disable the display of a type. Defaults to Thesis. Alias: medium, degree. - degree: if set, modifies default type:
|degree=PhD→ (PhD thesis); overridden when type is set.
- language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:
|language=ru;|lang=fr, pt-br;|lang=Russian;|language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang
Date
- date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher.
- Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate
{{sfn}}links to multiple works by the same author in the same year, unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets. - For approximate year, precede with "
c.", like this:|date=c. 1900.
- For no date, or "undated", use
|date=n.d. - The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a
createdorupdateddate; a comment for editors such asdate=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01can be added.
- Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as
|date=,|publication-date=,|access-date=,|archive-date=, etc.) except for|orig-date=in the style specified by the article's{{use dmy dates}}or{{use mdy dates}}template. See those templates' documentation for details.
- year: Year of publication. The more flexible
|date=parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the|date=parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met:- Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a
CITEREFdisambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) - The
|date=format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
- Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a
- orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:
|orig-date=First published 1859or|orig-date=Composed 1904. As|orig-date=does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by|df=(or, if it exists in the article, by|cs1-dates=of a{{use dmy dates}}or{{use mdy dates}}template), or as used in the|date=parameter. Alias: orig-year - df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;mdy– as above for month day, year formatymd– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DDdmy-all– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;mdy-all– as above for month day, year formatymd-all– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
- ^ Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.
Publisher
- publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
- place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
- publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
- publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
- via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution.
Edition, series, volume
- edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so
|edition=2ndproduces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
- series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.
- volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.
In-source locations
- page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Displays preceded byp.unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert|page=3-12to|pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p. - OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded bypp.unless|no-pp=yes.
Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|pages=without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use|at=, like this:|at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
p.orpp.notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where|page=Front coveror|pages=passim.
- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
- OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by
|page=or|pages=. Use only one of|page=,|pages=, or|at=.
Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. - For
|quote-page=and|quote-pages=used in conjunction with|quote=, see here.
URL
- url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.
#ixzz2rBr3aO94or?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use|isbn=or|oclc=to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{{use dmy dates}}and{{use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate. - archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive and archive.today ; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by
|url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{{use dmy dates}}and{{use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate. - url-status: A control parameter to select one of
|url=or|archive-url=to link|title=; requires url and archive-url. Use{{dead link}}to mark dead|url=when there is no|archive-url=.- Accepts multiple keywords:
dead– (default condition when|url-status=omitted or empty) selects|archive-url=live– selects|url=; used when|url=is preemptively archived with|archive-url=deviated– selects|archive-url=; used when|url=is still 'live' but no-longer supports the text in a Wikipedia articleunfit– selects|archive-url=; used when|url=links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable page; links to|url=are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQusurped– selects|archive-url=; used when the domain in|url=no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to|url=are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQbot: unknown– Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.
- Accepts multiple keywords:
- archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)
- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- url-access:
- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)
URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
| Character | space | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | { | | | } |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Encoding | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
Anchor
- ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set,
|ref=IDgenerates an anchor with the givenID(theid=attribute in the citation's<cite id="ID">HTML tag). Setting|ref=IDidentifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair|ref=harvhas no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set|ref=none. Aliases: none.
Identifiers
- id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example,
|id=NCJ 122967will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as|id={{NCJ|122967}}to append NCJ 122967 instead.
- Aliases: id, docket
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.
- arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example:
|arxiv=hep-th/9205027(before April 2007) or|arxiv=0706.0001(April 2007 – December 2014) or|arxiv=1501.00001(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint. - asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example
|asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
ae,au,br,ca,cn,de,es,fr,in,it,jp,mx,nl,pl,sa,se,sg,tr,uk. Aliases: none.
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
- bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:
1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none. - biorxiv: bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g.
10.1101/078733for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733;10.1101/2020.07.24.220400for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none. - citeseerx: CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.
10.1.1.176.341for http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none. - doi: Digital object identifier; for example:
10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
- doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
- eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example
|eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example
|hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL. - isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example:
978-0-8126-9593-9. Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.- Use the {{Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form
|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}– if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- Use the {{Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form
- ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example:
979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN. - issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example
|issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example
|jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM. - jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example:
|jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR. - lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example
|lccn=79-57364or|lccn=2004042477or|lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN. - mr: Mathematical Reviews; example
|mr=630583. Aliases: MR. - oclc: OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog; example
|oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC. - ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example
|ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL. - osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example
|osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI. - pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g.
|pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. . Aliases: PMC.- pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
- pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example
|pmid=17322060Aliases: PMID. - rfc: Request for Comments; example
|rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC. - sbn: Standard Book Number; example
|sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- ssrn: Social Science Research Network; example
|ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN. - s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example
|s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID. - zbl: Zentralblatt MATH; example
|zbl=0472.53010For zbMATH search results likeJFM 35.0387.02use|jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.
In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.
For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Quote
- quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in|page=,|pages=or|at=. Displays preceded byp.unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none. - OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in|pages=or|at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded bypp.unless|no-pp=yesis defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|quote-pages=without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.
Editors
- editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
- editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
- editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use
|editor-first1=...|editor-last1=...|editor2=.... - editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in
|veditors=, as described above
- Display:
- Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
- If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
- If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
Display options
- mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For
|mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For|mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript. - author-mask:
- contributor-mask:
- editor-mask:
- interviewer-mask:
- subject-mask:
- translator-mask:
- Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
{{reflist}},<references />or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.|authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
- Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
- display-authors:
- display-contributors:
- display-editors:
- display-interviewers:
- display-subjects:
- display-translators:
- Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,
|display-authors=2will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).|display-authors=0is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.|display-authors=etaldisplays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
- Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,
- postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (
.); for no terminating punctuation, specify|postscript=none– leaving|postscript=empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.|postscript=is ignored if quote is defined.
Subscription or registration required
Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.
Four access levels can be used:
- access indicator for named identifiers:
free: the source is free to read for anyone
- access indicators for url-holding parameters:
registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration-
limited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required 
subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall")
As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Access indicators for url-holding parameters
Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible.
| URL | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|url=
|
|url-access= |
registration  limited subscription 
|
|article-url=
|
|article-url-access=
| |
|chapter-url=
|
|chapter-url-access=
| |
|contribution-url=
|
|contribution-url-access=
| |
|entry-url=
|
|entry-url-access=
| |
|map-url=
|
|map-url-access=
| |
|section-url=
|
|section-url-access=
|
For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:
{{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}
which renders as:
- "Nifty example data". 2021-04-15.
Access indicator for named identifiers
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.
| Identifier | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|bibcode=
|
|bibcode-access= |
free 
|
|doi=
|
|doi-access=
| |
|hdl=
|
|hdl-access=
| |
|jstor=
|
|jstor-access=
| |
|ol=
|
|ol-access=
| |
|osti=
|
|osti-access=
| |
|ssrn=
|
|ssrn-access=
| |
|s2cid=
|
|s2cid-access=
|
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
|arxiv=|biorxiv=|citeseerx=|medrxiv=|pmc=|rfc=
For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.
TemplateData
TemplateData for Cite thesis
Template:Cite thesis uses unique and standard parameter sets; TemplateData has errors:
|type=is not a valid alias of:|degree=
A Citation Style 1 template used to create citations for theses or dissertations submitted to and approved by an educational institution recognized as capable of awarding higher degrees.
| Parameter | Description | Type | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surname of author | last last1 surname surname1 author author1 | Surname of author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases | String | suggested |
| First name of author | first first1 given given1 | Given or first names of author, including title(s). Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty.
| Unknown | suggested |
| Title of source | title | Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, title holds romanized transliteration of title in script-title. | String | required |
| Date | date | Date of source being referenced. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. | Date | suggested |
| URL access date | access-date accessdate | The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |
| Degree | degree type | The degree qualification received for the given thesis or dissertation.
| String | suggested |
| Publisher (likely university) | publisher | Name of awarding institution, e.g. university; may be wikilinked if relevant.
| String | suggested |
| URL | url | URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. | URL | suggested |
| URL access level | url-access | Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited') | String | optional |
| Location of publication | place | Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place | String | optional |
| ISBN | isbn | International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible | Line | optional |
| DOI | doi | Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' | String | suggested |
| DOI broken date | doi-broken-date | The date that the DOI was determined to be broken | Date | optional |
| DOI access level | doi-access | If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'. | String | optional |
| Language | language | The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates | Content | optional |
| Format | format | Format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Automatically added when a PDF icon is displayed. | String | optional |
| OCLC code | oclc | The OCLC code of the thesis
| String | optional |
| Page | page | Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' | Line | optional |
| Pages | pages | Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.' | Line | optional |
| At | at | May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient | Line | optional |
| No pp | no-pp | Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') | Line | optional |
| Chapter | chapter contribution entry article section | The chapter heading | String | optional |
This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.