In this article, we will explore the topic of Centroneuralia in depth, addressing its most relevant and current aspects. From its origins to its impact on today's society, through the different approaches and perspectives that have developed over time. This topic is of utmost importance today, since it has generated extensive debate and reflection in various areas, from politics to culture, and has marked a turning point in the way we address different problems. Throughout the development of this article, we will analyze the different aspects of Centroneuralia, delving into its implications and generating a space for critical reflection around this phenomenon.

Animal clade containing chordates and protostomes

Centroneuralia Temporal range: Ediacaran - Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Diversity of centroneuralians, showcasing vertebrates (Chordata), mollusks (Protostomia, Spiralia) and arthropods (Protostomia, Ecdysozoa)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
Clade:	ParaHoxozoa
Clade:	Bilateria
Clade:	Centroneuralia Telford, 2021
Clades
Chordata Protostomia †Kimberella Ecdysozoa Spiralia

Centroneuralia is a proposed clade of animals with bilateral symmetry as an embryo, consisting of the Chordata and Protostomia, united by the presence of a central nervous system. An alternative to the traditional protostome-deuterostome dichotomy, it has found weak support in several studies. Under this hypothesis, Centroneuralia would be sister to Xenambulacraria (Xenacoelomorpha + Ambulacraria) at the base of Bilateria.

Centroneuralia, as a proposed clade, originates in phylogenomics. More precisely, recent studies correlate support for Deuterostomia with simpler, site-homogeneous models, while more sophisticated and site-heterogeneous models recover Centroneuralia more often.

Phylogeny

Bilateria	Xenambulacraria Xenacoelomorpha Ambulacraria Centroneuralia Chordata Protostomia Ecdysozoa Spiralia †Kimberella

References

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2. ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand; Peijnenburg, Katja T.C.A.; Goto, Taichiro; Satoh, Noriyuki; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2019-01-21). "A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans". Current Biology. 29 (2): 312–318.e3. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E.312M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. PMID 30639106.
3. ^ Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; Müller, Steven; Domman, Daryl; Horn, Matthias; Kuhl, Heiner (2019-06-03). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E1818P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936.
4. ^ Natsidis, Paschalis (2022-05-28). Systematic errors in phylogenomics with a focus on the major metazoan clade Deuterostomia (PhD). University College London.