Full parliamentary republics
|
Country/territory
|
Head of state
|
Head of state elected by
|
Cameral structure
|
Parliamentary republic adopted
|
Previous government form
|
Notes
|
Albania
|
Bajram Begaj
|
Parliament, by three-fifths majority
|
Unicameral
|
1991
|
One-party state
|
|
Armenia
|
Vahagn Khachaturyan
|
Parliament, by absolute majority
|
Unicameral
|
2018[note 1]
|
Semi-presidential republic
|
|
Bangladesh
|
Mohammed Shahabuddin
|
Parliament
|
Unicameral
|
1991[note 2]
|
Presidential republic
|
|
Barbados
|
Sandra Mason
|
Parliament, by two-thirds majority if there is no joint nomination
|
Bicameral
|
2021
|
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
Christian Schmidt Milorad Dodik Šefik Džaferović Željko Komšić
|
Direct election of collective head of state, by first-past-the-post vote
|
Bicameral
|
1991
|
One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
|
|
Bulgaria
|
Rumen Radev
|
Direct election, by two-round system
|
Unicameral
|
1991
|
One-party state
|
|
Republic of China (Taiwan)
|
Tsai Ing-wen
|
Direct election, by first-past-the-post Nominally by the National Assembly[note 3]
|
Unicameral Nominally Tricameral[note 4]
|
1946 Only nominally a parliamentary republic since 1996
|
One-party military dictatorship (Mainland China) Constitutional monarchy (Taiwan as part of the Japanese Empire)
|
Nominally; the Constitution has been partially superseded by additional articles that provide for a semi-presidential republic with direct presidential elections and a unicameral legislature. These additional articles have a sunset clause that will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in Mainland China.
|
Croatia
|
Zoran Milanović
|
Direct election, by two-round system
|
Unicameral
|
2000
|
Semi-presidential republic
|
|
Czech Republic
|
Petr Pavel
|
Direct election, by two-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority)
|
Bicameral
|
1993
|
Parliamentary republic (part of Czechoslovakia)
|
|
Dominica
|
Sylvanie Burton
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
1978
|
Associated state of the United Kingdom
|
|
Estonia
|
Alar Karis
|
Parliament, by two-thirds majority
|
Unicameral
|
1991[note 5]
|
Presidential republic, thereafter occupied by a one-party state
|
|
Ethiopia
|
Sahle-Work Zewde
|
Parliament, by two-thirds majority
|
Bicameral
|
1991
|
One-party state
|
|
Fiji
|
Wiliame Katonivere
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
2014
|
Military dictatorship
|
|
Finland
|
Alexander Stubb
|
Direct election, by two-round system
|
Unicameral
|
2000[note 6]
|
Semi-presidential republic
|
|
Georgia
|
Salome Zourabichvili
|
Parliament and regional delegates, by absolute majority
|
Unicameral
|
2018[note 7]
|
Semi-presidential republic
|
|
Germany
|
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
|
Federal Convention (Bundestag and state delegates), by absolute majority
|
Two unicameral institutions[note 8]
|
1949[note 9]
|
One-party state
(Nazi Germany)
|
|
Greece
|
Katerina Sakellaropoulou
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
1975
|
Military dictatorship; constitutional monarchy
|
|
Hungary
|
Tamás Sulyok
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
1990
|
One-party state (Hungarian People's Republic)
|
|
Iceland
|
Guðni Th. Jóhannesson
|
Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote
|
Unicameral
|
1944
|
Constitutional monarchy (in a personal union with Denmark)
|
|
India
|
Droupadi Murmu
|
Parliament and state legislature, by instant-runoff vote
|
Bicameral
|
1950
|
Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion)
|
|
Iraq
|
Abdul Latif Rashid
|
Parliament, by two-thirds majority
|
Unicameral[note 10]
|
2005
|
One-party state
|
|
Ireland
|
Michael D. Higgins
|
Direct election, by instant-runoff vote
|
Bicameral
|
1949[note 11]
|
To 1936: Constitutional monarchy (British Dominion) 1936–1949: ambiguous
|
|
Israel
|
Isaac Herzog
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
2001
|
Semi-parliamentary republic
|
|
Italy
|
Sergio Mattarella
|
Parliament and region delegates, by two-thirds majority; by absolute majority, starting from the fourth ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first three ballots
|
Bicameral
|
1946
|
Constitutional monarchy
|
Prime Minister is dependent on the confidence of both of the houses of Parliament.
|
Kosovo
|
Vjosa Osmani
|
Parliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballots
|
Unicameral
|
2008
|
UN-administered Kosovo (formally part of Serbia)
|
|
Latvia
|
Edgars Rinkēvičs
|
Parliament
|
Unicameral
|
1991[note 12]
|
Presidential republic, thereafter occupied by a one-party state
|
|
Lebanon
|
Najib Mikati (Acting)
|
Parliament
|
Unicameral
|
1941
|
Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon)
|
|
Malta
|
George Vella
|
Parliament, by two-thirds majority
|
Unicameral
|
1974
|
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
|
|
Mauritius
|
Prithvirajsing Roopun
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
1992
|
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
|
|
Moldova
|
Maia Sandu
|
Direct election, by two-round system (since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority)
|
Unicameral
|
2001
|
Semi-presidential republic
|
|
Montenegro
|
Jakov Milatović
|
Direct election, by two-round system
|
Unicameral
|
1992
|
One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)
|
|
Nepal
|
Ram Chandra Poudel
|
Parliament and state legislators
|
Bicameral
|
2008[note 13]
|
Constitutional monarchy
|
|
North Macedonia
|
Stevo Pendarovski
|
Direct election, by two-round system
|
Unicameral
|
1991
|
One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
|
|
Pakistan
|
Asif Ali Zardari
|
Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote
|
Bicameral
|
2010
|
Assembly-independent republic
|
|
Poland
|
Andrzej Duda
|
Direct election, by majority
|
Bicameral
|
1989
|
One-party state (Polish People's Republic)
|
Poland has also been identified as a de facto semi-presidential republic as the President does exercise some form of governance and appoints the Prime Minister as the head of government. The decision is then subject to a parliamentary vote of confidence.
|
Samoa
|
Tuimalealiifano Va'aletoa Sualauvi II
|
Parliament
|
Unicameral
|
1960
|
Trust Territory of New Zealand
|
|
Serbia
|
Aleksandar Vučić
|
Direct election, by two-round system
|
Unicameral
|
1991
|
One-party state (part of Yugoslavia, and later Serbia and Montenegro)
|
|
Singapore
|
Tharman Shanmugaratnam
|
Direct election (since 1993)
|
Unicameral
|
1965
|
State of Malaysia
|
|
Slovakia
|
Zuzana Čaputová
|
Direct election, by two-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament)
|
Unicameral
|
1993
|
Parliamentary Republic (part of Czechoslovakia)
|
|
Slovenia
|
Nataša Pirc Musar
|
Direct election, by two-round system
|
Bicameral
|
1991
|
One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
|
|
Somalia
|
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
|
Parliament
|
Bicameral
|
2012[note 14]
|
One-party state
|
|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
Christine Kangaloo
|
Parliament
|
Bicameral
|
1976
|
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
|
|
Vanuatu
|
Nikenike Vurobaravu
|
Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
1980
|
British–French condominium (New Hebrides)
|
|
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
|
Country
|
Head of state
|
Head of state elected by
|
Cameral structure
|
Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency adopted
|
Previous government form
|
Notes
|
Botswana
|
Mokgweetsi Masisi
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
1966
|
British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate)
|
|
Kiribati
|
Taneti Maamau
|
Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote
|
Unicameral
|
1979
|
Protectorate
|
Following a general election, by which citizens elect the members of the House of Assembly, members select from their midst "not less than 3 nor more than 4 candidates" for the presidency. No other person may stand as candidate. The citizens of Kiribati then elect the president from among the proposed candidates with first-past-the-post voting.
|
Marshall Islands
|
David Kabua
|
Parliament
|
Bicameral
|
1979
|
UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
|
|
Nauru
|
Russ Kun
|
Parliament
|
Unicameral
|
1968
|
UN Trusteeship between Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
|
|
South Africa
|
Cyril Ramaphosa
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Bicameral
|
1961
|
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
|
Was a full parliamentary republic from 1961–1984; adopted an executive presidency in 1984.
|
Assembly-independent systems
|
Country
|
Head of state
|
Head of state elected by
|
Cameral structure
|
Assembly-independent republic adopted
|
Previous government form
|
Notes
|
Federated States of Micronesia
|
Wesley Simina
|
Parliament, by majority
|
Unicameral
|
1986
|
UN Trust Territory (Part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
|
The president is assisted by the vice-president, both of whom are elected by the FSM Congress from among the at-large members to serve for four-year terms.
|
Guyana
|
Irfaan Ali
|
Semi-direct election, by first-past-the-post vote (vacancies are filled by Parliament, by majority)
|
Unicameral
|
1980
|
Full parliamentary republic
|
|
San Marino
|
Francesco Mussoni Giacomo Simoncini
|
Parliament
|
Unicameral
|
1291
|
Theocracy (part of the Papal States)
|
Two collective heads of state and heads of government, the Captains Regent
|
Suriname
|
Chan Santokhi
|
Parliament
|
Unicameral
|
1987
|
Full parliamentary republic
|
|
Directorial systems
|
Country
|
Head of state
|
Head of state elected by
|
Cameral structure
|
Parliamentary republic adopted
|
Previous government form
|
Notes
|
Switzerland
|
Guy Parmelin Ignazio Cassis Ueli Maurer Simonetta Sommaruga Alain Berset Karin Keller-Sutter Viola Amherd
|
Parliament by exhaustive ballot at a joint sitting of both houses
|
Bicameral
|
1848
|
Confederation of states
|
Also has citizen-initiated referendums
|