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In this article, we will explore the topic of Malayo-Sumbawan languages in depth, analyzing its origins, impact on society, and possible implications for the future. Malayo-Sumbawan languages is a topic that has captured the attention of experts and amateurs alike, generating debates and discussions in different areas of knowledge. Over the years, Malayo-Sumbawan languages has meant different things to different people, evolving and adapting as the world changes. With this article, we seek to shed light on Malayo-Sumbawan languages and provide a comprehensive overview that allows our readers to better understand its meaning and relevance today.
Malayo-Sumbawan | |
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(controversial) | |
Geographic distribution | Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesian parts of Borneo), Malaysian parts of Borneo, Brunei and southern Vietnam |
Linguistic classification | Austronesian
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Proto-language | Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None |
![]() The Malayo-Sumbawan languages The languages in Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, and the northern tip of Sumatra are Chamic languages (purple). The Ibanic languages (orange) are found mostly inland in western Borneo, perhaps the homeland of the Malayic peoples, and across Sarawak. The Malayan languages (dark red) range from central Sumatra, across Malaya, and throughout coastal Kalimantan. Sundanese (pink), Madurese (ocher), and the Bali–Sasak languages (green) are found in and around Java. |
The Malayo-Sumbawan languages are a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian languages that unites the Malayic and Chamic languages with the languages of Java and the western Lesser Sunda Islands (western Indonesia), except for Javanese (Adelaar 2005). If valid, it would be the largest demonstrated family of Malayo-Polynesian outside Oceanic. The Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup is however not universally accepted, and is rejected e.g. by Blust (2010) and Smith (2017), who supported the Greater North Borneo and Western Indonesian hypotheses. In a 2019 paper published in Oceanic Linguistics, Adelaar accepted both of these groupings, in addition to Smith's (2018) redefinition of Barito languages as forming a linkage.
According to Adelaar (2005), the composition of the family is as follows:
Unlike in earlier classifications of the languages of the Greater Sunda islands (e.g. Isidore Dyen's "Sundic" subgroup in his 1965 lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages, which included all languages later included in Adaelaar's proposal plus the Southwest Barito languages, Javanese, Gayo and Lampung), Javanese is specifically excluded; the connections between Javanese and Bali–Sasak are mainly restricted to the 'high' register, and disappear when the 'low' register is taken as representative of the languages. This is similar to the case of English, where more 'refined' vocabulary suggests a connection with French, but basic language demonstrates its closer relationship to Germanic languages such as German and Dutch. Moken is also excluded.
Sundanese appears to share sound changes specifically with Lampung, but Lampung does not fit into Adelaar's Malayo-Sumbawan.